Automakers Join Forces Against Climate Change, For Fuel Efficiency

There's been a sea change for industry in the last several months. More and more, companies are looking to jump in and tackle the issue of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions.

The transportation sector is a top cause of emissions, and automakers are looking to do their parts to increase fuel efficiency and cut emissions.

That's the reason Isuzu Motors Ltd has joined with Toyota Motor Corp to team to enhance the development of diesel engines.

Isuzu is the maker of the popular ascender SUV. Work such as this is aimed at making SUVs and other passenger cars that are environmentally friendly and more efficient overall.

Isuzu is also one of the largest diesel engine manufacturers in the world, producing about 1 million diesels each year for a variety of industrial and vehicle applications.

Yoshinori Ida, president of Isuzu, feels the research alliance with Toyota is a positive one for the diesel engine industry. Ida states, “By teaming up with Toyota, I am certain that we will be able to create the world’s best diesel engine. This business tie-up will not only strengthen the two companies’ competitive edge, but will also contribute to the global environment.”

This was a sponsored post.

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From Farm Waste to Fuel Tanks

Using corncob waste as a starting material, researchers have created carbon briquettes with complex nanopores capable of storing natural gas at an unprecedented density of 180 times their own volume and at one seventh the pressure of conventional natural gas tanks.

The breakthrough, announced today in Kansas City, Mo., is a significant step forward in the nationwide effort to fit more automobiles to run on methane, an abundant fuel that is domestically produced and cleaner burning than gasoline.

Supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Partnership for Innovation program, researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia (MU) and Midwest Research Institute (MRI) in Kansas City developed the technology. The technology has been incorporated into a test bed installed on a pickup truck used regularly by the Kansas City Office of Environmental Quality.

The briquettes are the first technology to meet the 180 to 1 storage to volume target set by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2000, a long-term goal of principal project leader Peter Pfeifer of MU.

"We are very excited about this breakthrough because it may lead to a flat and compact tank that would fit under the floor of a passenger car, similar to current gasoline tanks," says Pfeifer. "Such a technology would make natural gas a widely attractive alternative fuel for everyone."

According to Pfeifer, the absence of such a flatbed tank has been the principal reason why natural gas, which costs significantly less than gasoline and diesel and burns more cleanly, is not yet widely used as a fuel for vehicles.

In 2004, U.S. net imports of natural gas represented only 15 percent of the total amount used, with almost all imports coming from Canada.

The national average cost of compressed natural gas (CNG) was 94 cents cheaper than gasoline on an energy-equivalent basis, according the Clean Cities Alternative Fuel Price Report in June 2006. Gasoline was $2.84 per gallon, diesel was $2.98 per gallon, and CNG was $1.90 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE).

Standard natural gas storage systems use high-pressure natural gas that has been compressed to a pressure of 3600 pounds per square inch and bulky tanks that can take up the space of an entire car trunk. The carbon briquettes contain networks of pores and channels that can hold methane at a high density without the cost of extreme compression, ultimately storing the fuel at a pressure of only 500 pounds per square inch, the pressure found in natural gas pipelines.

The low pressure of 500 pounds per square inch is central for crafting the tank into any desired shape, so ultimately, fuel storage tanks could be thin-walled, slim, rectangular structures affixed to the underside of the car, not taking up room in the vehicle.

Pfeifer and his colleagues at MU and MRI discovered that that fractal pore spaces (spaces created by repetition of similar patterns at different scales) are remarkably efficient at storing natural gas.

"Our project is the first time a carbon storage material has been made from corncobs, an abundantly available waste product in the Midwest," says Pfeifer. "The carbon briquettes are made from the cobs that remain after the kernels have been harvested. The state of Missouri alone could supply the raw material for more than 10 million cars per year. It would be a unique opportunity to bring corn to the market for alternative fuels--corn kernels for ethanol production, and corncob for natural gas tanks."

As municipal solid waste decomposes, it produces carbon dioxide and methane. That methane, the principal component of natural gas, can be captured by landfill gas energy facilities and combusted for energy.

The test pickup truck, part of a fleet of more than 200 natural gas vehicles operated by Kansas City, has been in use since mid-October and the researchers are monitoring the technology's performance, from mileage data to measurements of the stability of the briquettes.

In addition to efforts to commercialize the technology, the researchers are now focusing on the next generation briquette, one that will store more natural gas and cost less to produce. Pfeifer believes this next generation of briquette might even hold promise for storing hydrogen.

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Climate Change Regulation Coming As Business Gets Into the Act

U.S. government regulation on the emissions blamed for climate change may be only a matter of time as industry further gets on the climate change bandwagon.

A Democrat, or Sen. John McCain, a Republican who has moved to deal with climate change issues, may well be president once a new occupant is sworn into the White House. Such a move bolsters chances of further federal regulation of carbon emissions, according to David Sandalow, environment scholar at The Brookings Institution in Washington.

"So one way to think about this is if we have either a Democrat or John McCain as president starting in 2009, we will have a president ready to sign legislation on this issue and I think the odds in Vegas on either a Democrat or John McCain being president are not bad, and I think this is happening," says Sandalow, previously assistant secretary for oceans, environment, and science at the U.S. State Department and senior director for environmental affairs at the National Security Council.

Carbon emissions from the burning of fossil fuels is thought to be affecting Earth's climate in an increasingly severe way.

Controlling emissions and dealing with climate change is increasingly becoming a public policy issue. U.S. industry once resisted carbon regulation but a growing number of companies are addressing climate change.

Sandalow cites industrial titan General Electric and retail giant Wal-Mart as two examples of firms taking on climate change.

"General Electric, which I believe is the largest company in the world in terms of market capitalization, has announced major initiatives in this area," Sandalow says. "Jeffrey Immelt, the CEO, sees his company making lots of money by the move toward clean energy over the course of the next several decades."

Wal-Mart is taking very aggressive steps to save energy and cut costs, he adds.

"As a result of doing that, they have had Al Gore down in Arkansas to talk to all of the Wal-Mart employees around the country," Sandalow says. "So I think this is happening and I believe federal legislation is coming, a lot of the business community knows this, and the only question is how and when."

Former vice president Gore has long been a champion of dealing with climate change and recently raised the profile of climate change further with his documentary film, An Inconvenient Truth.

Meanwhile, Caterpillar Inc. (NYSE: CAT) Chairman and CEO Jim Owens joined a diverse group of businesses and environmental organizations to call on U.S. policymakers to establish a mandatory emissions reduction program to address climate change. Along with Caterpillar, members of the alliance -- known as the U.S. Climate Action Partnership (USCAP) -- include market leaders Alcoa, BP America, Duke Energy, DuPont, General Electric, PG&E, PNM Resources and four leading non-governmental organizations - Environmental Defense, Natural Resources Defense Council, Pew Center on Global Climate Change and World Resources Institute.

At a news conference Monday at the National Press Club in Washington, USCAP released a set of principles and recommendations as the basis to develop a market-driven policy framework on climate change.

"Caterpillar believes in the need for a market-based approach to the aggressive development of current and future clean technologies that reduce emissions and sustain the environment," Owens says. "As a global manufacturer, we're committed to being part of the process of finding policy solutions that meet the needs of our customers, including those currently involved in energy production. Achieving energy independence for our country will require innovation that leads to new energy sources but also new technologies to improve the use of existing abundant resources such as coal."

With 2005 sales and revenues of $36.34 billion, Caterpillar is the world's leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines and industrial gas turbines.

"Clean coal, clean diesel and combined heat and power applications are just a few examples of critical technologies that must be a part of any climate change policy. These technologies, coupled with incentives for the development of new, breakthrough approaches will yield increased sustainability and economic opportunity," Owens adds.

Caterpillar supports a U. S. federal-level approach that is well integrated into a harmonized global system of greenhouse gas reduction initiatives, in particular one that avoids local or regional development of separate paths -- requiring separate technology -- in achieving emissions targets. Proposed solutions also must factor in the broad economic impact as well as the impact on existing energy sectors.

"Reducing greenhouse gas emissions can -- and should -- provide more economic opportunities than risks for industry and the economy," says Owens. "The goals of reduced emissions and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. As the world's largest maker of construction and mining equipment and a technology leader, one of the reasons that Caterpillar is pleased to have a seat at this table is to focus on market-based solutions to issues that impact manufacturers and key customer groups, especially coal."


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